Module 11 Summary: Correlation, Confounding, and Causation

What You Practised

You practised how to avoid claiming causation from association alone.

Keep These Ideas

• Correlation describes how two variables move together.
• Confounding happens when another variable helps explain the pattern.
• Causal claims need stronger design than ordinary observational data.

Writing Habit

Screen hours, sleep, work hours, and quiz scores are related in this synthetic sample, but the table alone does not prove that screen time caused the score difference.

Before Moving On

You are ready for the next module when you can explain the module idea without reading the answer key and can name the main unsafe claim to avoid.