p-value Caution Card

Use

Use this when a result is described as statistically significant.

Plain Meaning

A p-value describes how surprising the observed result would be if the null idea were true under the test assumptions.

Avoid Saying

• The p-value proves the claim.
• A small p-value means the effect is large.
• A large p-value proves there is no effect.

Safer Wording

The result is statistically notable under this test, but the practical size and study design still need review.